户籍制度翻译户籍制度：使人口监测系统迅速传播的电脑软件英语学专业.doc

户籍制度：使人口监测系统迅速传播的电脑软件（节选） 户籍数据管理系统是与收集家庭成员数据的系统联系在一起工作的。户籍需要综合领域的共同操作以及一个数据管理系统，如图表一所示。户籍对于工作间隔时间没有特别具体的要求。然而，90天已被选定为最小的户籍登记时间间隔，因为这个时间间隔以最短的时间以确保调查者能够在一轮时间内统计到所有的怀孕数据，而且这个时间也足够确保所有数据都可以进入工作周期并得到检查、处理以及相关报告。 户籍的中心管理的任务包括确保实际调查与计算机操作紧密联系，以便发现到各种错误和问题，然后反馈给调查者，从而在日常工作周期中修正错误。 纸质的“户籍登记簿”（HRB）也是为了配合电脑资料库的改变而设计的。在户籍登记的实际操作中应该写明详细说明，以确保采访和记录的标准化。户籍登记需要进行四轮调查，以便保证该时间范围内的登记和数据检查的正确性。监督者则需要通过随机样本的来检查和确定人口研究。这个再调查是用来检测每月的员工会议上所讨论的问题。户籍登记簿主要是由家庭来进行安排，其目的是便于联系各个家庭。 户籍登记系统的特点是有助于简化迁移变动的相关调和。在同一周期内，有的移民并未被识别为之前人口调查中的成员，有的则未被记录为移民类别。对于所有的这些移民来说，户籍登记系统都会生成的相应的报告。这些报告可生成特定的地理区域的居民的相应情况，如男子、儿童或者是特定地理区域的居民，以便进行相应的匹配过程。 后续版的户籍登记计划还包括进一步简化这个过程的特点。虽然对于这些有特点的个人识别信息（如姓名和出生日期）来说，解决移民问题仍然是一个棘手的问题。而至关重要的是，该软件系统的运行应该结合精心的设计以及有效的现场程序跟进来解决移民登记的不一致。 数据库的概念已经提及了数据采集程序的相关设计。对于已经进行过登记的工人来说，他们的名单应该从人口数据库印制出来，这样可以促进数据的管理。页数的顺序应该按照家庭访问顺序来进行排列。在登记中，行数可对应家庭中的个人，页面标题则应包括户主的名字以及该家庭成员家族的有关特征，如首要的家庭宗教信仰、家庭财富和规模大小等。个人名单行中应该包括其姓名、年龄、关系和其他的基本信息。工人登记中的每一列对应一个访问周期，并在每一列提供空间使得工人能够写入在这一周期中发生的重要事件或家庭地位的变化（出生，死亡，婚姻，迁移，和怀孕）。这个过程可以在采访中限制相关信息的流失，以及加强现在所观察到的和过去的事件之间的数据联系。如果登记中在上次访问里将一个女人列为怀孕，那么采访者就会知道要去调查她是否仍是怀孕、或是否生产、或流产发生。由于事件数据与个人风险数据是一起记录的，因此工人数据采集登记方式结构在概念上类似于计算机中的链接和检查数据库记录的操作。 数据录入包括在数据录入系统中传输家庭中的主要人员信息以及发生的事件，然后在数据库进行必要的改变。户籍登记系统与其余的面向批量系统的最基本的区别是：前者仅仅录入那些影响一个家庭的结构（出生，死亡，婚姻，迁移）的相关事件，而后者并非如此。户籍登记制度并不是通过完全再调查样本人口以确保准确，而是通过创造每家每户的新纪录，然后用电脑把之前采访的这些记录（一个易错的过程）联系起来，而研究中的个人则可通过进行的相关采访记录（反映关系数据库中的联系）来与家庭以及过去事件历史相联系起来。这大大降低了数据录入的数量和一致性检查的后续成本。大多数数据的不一致都可以在数据录入中发现，随之这些不一致的报告将会印制出来以便进行监督行动。在这一点上，这些现场作业确实得到了充分发展，从而通用于所有的人口动态的纵向研究之中。 The Household Registration System: Computer Software for the Rapid Dissemination of Demographic Surveillance Systems DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VOLUME 2, ARTICLE 6 PUBLISHED 27 JUNE 2000 James F. Phillips Bruce B. MacLeod Brian Pence The HRS data management system operates in conjunction with a field system for collecting data on household members. The HRS requires an integrated field operation and data management system, as shown in Figure 1. No particular requirement for the duration of the work interval is specified in the HRS. However, 90 days has been selected for most HRS applications because this interval is short enough to ensure that all pregnancies can be seen by interviewers within a round, but long enough to ensure that all data can be entered, checked, processed, and reported in the work cycle. The central management task in HRS operations involves ensuring that field operations are linked to computer operations so that errors and problems are noted, fed back to interviewers, and corrected within the routine work cycle. Transactions with paper “Household Registration Book” (HRB) registers are designed to match computer database transactions. In a typical HRS application, detailed instructions are issued to ensure standardized interviewing and recording, with registers designed to maintain four rounds of interviews to facilitate probing and data checking at the time of visitation (Item a, Figure 1). Supervisors check a random sub-sample of the study population. This re-interview is used to detect problems to be discussed in monthly staff meetings. The HRB is arranged by household in the order that households are contacted. Features of the HRS help streamline the reconciliation of migration movements. The system generates reports of all in-migrants in a round who are not recognized as previous members of the study population and all out-migrants who have not been recorded as an in-migrant elsewhere in the same round. These reports can be generated for specific subsets of the population such as men, children, or residents of particular geographic areas, in order to facilitate the matching process. Plans for subsequent versions of the HRS include features to further simplify this process. Even with these features and personal identification information (such as names and dates of birth), resolving migration remains a difficult problem. It is essential that the software operate in conjunction with well-designed and effective field procedures to follow up and resolve migration inconsistencies. The design of data collection procedures has been informed by database concepts. Workers are equipped with a register, printed from the population database, that is designed to facilitate data management. Pages are arranged in the order that households are visited. Rows in the register correspond to individuals in the households, and page headings include the name of the household head and information about characteristics that household members share as a group, such as primary family religion and household wealth and size. Rows for individuals list names, ages, relationships, and other basic information. Each column in the worker register corresponds to a visit cycle, and space is provided in each column for workers to enter codes corresponding to vital events or household status changes observed during that round (births, deaths, marriages, migrations, and pregnancies). This procedure limits t