脑结构与认知功能脑结构与认知功能神经元•神经元组成：神经细胞体、树突和轴突•神经元学说：神经元是神经系统发生、形态、营养和功能的基本单位Neurons-SomaChapter2.ThenervoussystemChapter2.ThenervoussystemPrincipleofNeuralSciencePrincipleofNeuralScience轴丘滑面内质网高尔基器多核糖蛋白质线粒体细胞膜粗面内质网核糖体微管细胞核神经元的分类Neuronscanbeclassifiedaccordingtothetotalnumberofneurites(axonsanddendrites)thatextendfromthesoma.Aneuronthathasasingleneuriteissaidtobeunipolar.Iftherearetwoneurites,thecellisbipolar,andiftherearethreeormore,thecellismultipolar.Mostneuronsinthebrainaremultipolar.轴突–突触神经递质神经递质突触突触间隙间隙线粒体线粒体受体受体突触突触前膜前膜突触后膜突触后膜突触突触突触突触囊泡囊泡神经系统•中枢神经系统–大脑(Cerebrum)–小脑(Cerebellum)–脑干(BrainStem)–脊髓(SpinalCord)•周围神经系统–躯体神经（SomaticPNS）–植物神经（VisceralPNS）解剖术语•解剖面–矢状面–水平面–冠状面大脑外侧面脑的结构分区大脑分区大脑内侧面脑成像大脑底面大脑冠状面大脑结构与功能额叶运动区顶叶体感区V1V2V2V3V4V5MT顶叶颞下回What通路——Where通路§1大脑联合皮层的组织结构§2大脑联合皮层的工作原理§3大脑联合皮层的功能§4大脑两半球的功能不对称性大脑联合皮层与认知Primarysensorycortex(sematosensory,visual,auditory……)PrimarymotorcortexUnimodalsensoryassociationareasMultimodalsensoryassociationareasMotorassociationcortex§1大脑联合皮层的组织结构•顶叶联合皮层（5，7，39，40区）•颞叶联合皮层（20，21，22，37区）•前额叶联合皮层（9－14，45－47区）Understandingthefunctionofthethreeassociationareasisbasedon:•Observingthepatientswithdamagetocortex(trauma,tumor,stroke,orsurgery)•“no-invasive”imagingstudiesofnormalandbraindamagedindividuals.(PETscanandfMRI)•RecordingtheactivityofcorticalneuronsinfreelybehavinganimalsThreePrinciplesGoverntheFunctionoftheAssociationAreas•Sensoryinformationisprocessedbothsequentiallyandinparallel.•Sensoryinformationunimodalareasofcortexconvergesinmultimodalareas.•Thesequenceofinformationprocessingisreversedinthemotorsystem.随着进化，动物前额叶联合皮...
